Learning Equivariant Functions via Quadratic Forms

In this study, we introduce a method for learning group equivariant functions by learning the associated quadratic form $x^TAx$ corresponding to the group from the data. Certain groups, known as generalised orthogonal groups, preserve a specific quadratic form, and we leverage this property to uncover the underlying symmetry group under the assumption that it is generalised orthogonal group. By utilising the corresponding unique symmetric matrix, we incorporate suitable inductive biases into the neural network architecture, leading to models that are both simplified and efficient. Our approach results in an invariant model that preserves norms, while the equivariant model is represented as a product of a norm-invariant model and a scale-invariant model, where the “product” refers to the group action. Moreover, we extend our framework to a more general setting where the function acts on tuples of input vectors via a diagonal group action. In this extension, the equivariant function is decomposed into an angular component extracted solely from the normalised first vector and a scale-invariant component that depends on the full Gram matrix of the tuple. This decomposition captures the inter-dependencies between multiple inputs while preserving the underlying group symmetry. We assess the effectiveness of our framework across multiple tasks, including polynomial regression, top quark tagging, and moment of inertia matrix prediction. Comparative analysis with baseline methods demonstrates that our model consistently excels in both discovering the underlying symmetry and efficiently learning the corresponding equivariant function.