Advancing Fairness in Precision Medicine: A Universal Framework for Optimal Treatment Estimation in Censored Data

In healthcare and precision medicine, estimating optimal treatment regimes for right-censored data while ensuring fairness across ethnic subgroups is crucial but remains underexplored. The problem presents two key challenges: measuring heterogeneous treatment effects (HTE) under fairness constraints and dealing with censoring mechanisms. We propose a general framework for estimating HTE using nonparametric methods and integrating user-controllable fairness constraints to address these problems. Under mild regularization assumptions, our method is theoretically grounded, demonstrating the double robustness property of the HTE estimator. Using this framework, we demonstrate that optimal treatment strategies balance fairness and utility. Using extensive simulations and real-world data analysis, we uncovered the potential of this method to guide the selection of treatment methods that are equitable and effective.